Belgium. Despite its size, Belgium has a long and distinguished artistic tradition that goes back to the Middle Ages, considerably pre-dating the foundation of the current state in 1830. Art from the areas making up modern Belgium is called in English Netherlandish up to the separation with the Netherlands from 1570 on, and Flemish until the 18th century. Important monasteries in Belgium were centres of production in Carolingian art and Ottonian art, and later the area producing Romanesque Mosan art is now largely in Belgium. Flanders became one of the richest areas in Europe in the later Middle Ages and Early Netherlandish painting produced work for both the wealthy townspeople as well as the courtiers of the Duke of Burgundy. In the Renaissance Antwerp Mannerism was an early attempt by Flemish artists to respond to Italian Renaissance art, with Romanism a later phase. Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting culminated in the work of Pieter Bruegel the Elder in one direction, and the Flemish contribution to Northern Mannerism in a very different one. Flemish Baroque painting is dominated by the figure of Rubens, though like his pupil Anthony van Dyck, he spent much of his career abroad. There was also a great development of specialized genres in painting, paralleling those in Dutch Golden Age painting to the north, but with many differences. History of Dutch and Flemish painting Early Netherlandish Renaissance painting Northern Mannerism Dutch Golden Age painting Flemish Baroque painting List of Dutch painters List of Flemish painters Mosan art is a regional style of Romanesque art from the valleys of the Meuse in present-day Wallonia, and the Rhineland, with manuscript illumination, metalwork, and enamel work from the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries. Among them the masterpiece of Renier de Huy and perhaps of the whole Mosan art Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liege. The architecture of Romanesque churches of the Walloon country is also named Mosan, for example the Collegiate Church of Saint Gertrude in Nivelles, and the churches of Waha and Hastiere, Dinant. Ornamental brassware is also a part of Mosan art and Hugo d'Oignies and Nicholas of Verdun important metalworkers. The Mosan Art reliquary shrines in are important phenomenon of Mosan art. During the so-called Northern Renaissance, Belgium experienced an artistic boom, spawning the immensely popular Baroque Flemish school of painting. The cities of Bruges and Antwerp, some of the richest in the region, became artistic centres during the period. The artist Peter Paul Rubens painted in Belgium between 1609-1621, working for many royal patrons from his studio in Antwerp. Rubens' house in Antwerp, the Rubenshuis, is now a museum. Anthony van Dyck, celebrated for his painting of British court, including Charles I, was born in Antwerp. Flemish art was not confined to the boundaries of modern Flanders and several leading artists came from or worked in areas in which langues d'oil were spoken, from the region of modern Wallonia, e.g. Robert Campin, Rogier van der Weyden and Jacques Daret. Joachim Patinir Henri Bles are generally called mosan painters. Lambert Lombard was a Renaissance painter, architect and theorist for the Prince-Bishopric of Liege. Gerard de Lairesse, Bertholet Flemalle were also important painters in the Prince-Bishopric of Liege. Flemish genre painting is strongly tied to the traditions of Pieter Bruegel the Elder and was a style that continued directly into the 17th century through copies and new compositions made by his sons Pieter Brueghel the Younger and Jan Brueghel the Elder. Many of these are kermis paintings and scenes of peasants partaking other outdoor enjoyments viewed from an elevated viewpoint. Originating in France, the Impressionist style was also adopted by Belgian artists. Anna Boch, Eugene Boch, Georges Lemmen and Theo van Rysselberghe were all influential Belgian impressionist or neo-impressionist painters. Other known impressionist painters were Felicien Rops, Floris Jespers, Fritz de Brouckere or even Constant Permeke. Their style was close to symbolism. During the 19th and 20th centuries many original romantic, expressionist and surrealist Wallon painters emerged, including Felicien Rops, Paul Delvaux, Pierre Paulus, Fernand Verhaegen, Antoine Wiertz, Rene Magritte, etc. The avant-garde CoBrA movement appeared in the 1950s.